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Classification of the Prophets13: The prophets may be identified within three basic categories--(1) pre-monarchy14, (2) pre-classical15, (3) classical16--as the following chart unfolds:17, Nation guidance, Maintenance of justice, Spiritual overseer, Military advice, Pronouncement of rebuke or blessing, Rebuke concerning current condition of society; leads to warnings of captivity, destruction, exile, and promise of eventual restoration, Call for justice and repentance, 1. But Jonah received more than a mere mention. In the final chapter (Chapter 4) of the book, Nineveh is spared and Jonah is still depicted as dissatisfied with God’s decision to save the Ninevites. Before Jonah could relay God’s message, he had to be broken. 3:9,12], the king of Damascus [2 Chron. Jonah, a stubborn fellow, did just the opposite of what he was told. Since both Israel and Judah came under Assyrian hegemony in the ninth-century until Assyrian demise c. 612 BCE; under the Babylonians in the sixth-century; and the Persians in the late sixth-century to the fourth-century BCE, the composition of the book of Jonah reflects three functionalities. Even more, 2 Kings 14:25 leaves the question open whether Jonah lived before or during Jeroboam II (787-748 BCE). At first unwilling to make the journey northeast to deliver God’s message, Jonah turned and aimed for the farthest westward point known to him—Tarshish, located in modern-day Spain. This conclusion is based on the failure to distinguish the functionality between prose and poetry. Jonah 's Flight. 22 The Divine Author would use the human author to communicate His message often with a reference beyond the conscious awareness of the human author. According to the small reference in 2 Kings 14:25, Jonah prophesied King Jeroboam’s great success in restoring Israel’s borders from Lebo-Hamath (in modern Syria) down to the Sea of Arabah, which is at the northern tip of the 'Yam Suph' (Red Sea in the Septuagint and English versions). In doing so, it is critical to construct a proper interpretation based on text and context. 13 La Sor et al offers a complete list with central passages, Old, pp. The Book of Jonah is introduced just as other prophecies are: “Now the word of the Lord came to Jonah ...” (Jonah 1:1), 4. Identified in verse 1 as the son of Amittai, Jonah came from a town called Gath-hepher, near Nazareth in the area that later came to be known as Galilee (2 Kings 14:25). Cohen, 157-158). . It is written in the form of a gripping business novel. God wanted Jonah’s actions and his heart. 10:6; Isa. primarily including those who wrote books (Obadiah, Joel, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah, Obed, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi). 14:25). Compared to other OT parables (Judges 9:8ff; 2 Sam. Jonah did speak to the King like the preclassical prophets (2 Ki. Similar Characteristics with the ANE8: 1) Some times they were identified with ecstatic experiences (1 Sam. 1. Since the message is the Divine Author's message, there are at times references beyond (but not in conflict) with the human author's awareness. See more ideas about Prophet jonah, Jonah, Bible. A critical question to Jonah’s eighth-century audience would then be: can God keep his promises? 1; Ezk. 26 Earlier messages focused upon judgment for evil, intercession (see Ex. But this is an argument from silence which does not prove a late date. For reasons stated above, the book of Jonah contains elements that reveal a dual setting: ‘Sitz im Leben’ (Setting in Life) and a ‘Sitz im Literatur’ (Setting of its writing). Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Discover more resources related to Jonah. Allegories in the OT have unmistakable indications of their allegorical nature (Eccl. Obviously, pride is another issue reflected through Jonah’s refusal to fulfill his duties as a prophet of YHWH. 29 Ibid., p. 917. Although the fish could be representative of the Babylon captivity, Babylon is never mentioned, and Babylon took Judah, not Israel. 314-315. Some also argue that Jonah's use of the title, King of Ninevah (3:3) is unrealistic because it is not used elsewhere in Mesopotamic or biblical records. Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostraconby MichaelNetzer (CC BY-SA). This expression is also employed in Isaiah 38:14 – “Like a swallow or a crane I clamor, I moan like a dove.” As stated earlier, the chauvinistic view of ancient Israel being illiterate must be abandoned. B. Jonah was probably not a parable for the following reasons: 1. C. In accordance with the above dates, Jonah lived just after the time of Elisha. However, despite the book's small size, scholars continue to dispute its content and date of composition. 10:11--although this may be sarcastic), 2) Prophets spoke to Kings to encourage them or with criticism, 3) Prophets spoke concerning military matters or building projects, 4) Prophets received their messages through dreams, visions, trances, or ways that were not stated. One of the greatest prophets during the time of Jeroboam II was Jonah the son of Amitai, who, as a prophet disciple, had anointed Jehu and who, therefore, enjoyed the king's benevolence. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1170/. Bibliography Both were true. Do you ever find yourself fighting God—your desires pulling you one way, God’s desires pulling you another? Jn. How could God want him to take a message of mercy to such people? But if my sayings were inspired, God would say, Yes, and Alice is specifically whom I had in mind! Despite the absence of a specific identification of which tradition it refers to, the Dead Sea Scrolls (4Q541) hint at an additional possibility that “dove,” conveys a sorrowful message. 12:1; 14:6; 1 Ki. In 2003, he earned his Juris Doctorate, magna cum laude, from Capital University Law School, where he received the Order of the Curia. See La Sor et al, Old, pp. Verse 5. 2. 7:3), but he was transitionary as a judge, prophet and priest, and not strictly a prophet (see above; also Walton, Jonah, pp. With only four chapters in the book of Jonah, its message was undoubtedly an important piece throughout the biblical period based on its re-usage by the Israelite communities in the Babylonian exile and the post-exilic Jerusalem. Jonah was a well-known prophet during the reign of the Israelite King Jeroboam ben Joash of the northern kingdom of Israel. Only through a New Covenant (Deut. The Day of the LORD (Day of YHWH) would be the time when YHWH would consummate his judgment and blessing. It is an important book to both religious traditions (Christianity and Jewish) because of its message of doom upon Israel's long-time enemy - Assyria, whose capital was Nineveh. D. Three prophets seemed to minister during the same time: Jonah, Amos, and Hosea, F. Although some have dated the book late because of Aramaisms and expressions unfamiliar to Classical Hebrew, they are inconclusive and do not prove a post-exilic date28, G. Although some date the book after the exile as a response to the ultra-nationalistic spirit of Ezra and Nehemiah, this universalistic emphasis also occurred during the eighth century in Isaiah 2:2ff29, A. Israel appears to be outwardly at its zenith of power.

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