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Use our online form to ask a librarian for help. In this Federalist Paper, Alexander Hamilton argues for a strong executive leader, as provided for by the Constitution, as opposed to the weak executive under the Articles of Confederation. Let us examine the points in which it varies from pure democracy, and we shall comprehend both the nature of the cure and the efficacy which it must derive from the Union. The friend of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their character and fate, as when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice. The electronic text of The Federalist used here was compiled for Project Gutenberg by scholars who drew on many available versions of the papers. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties. These must be chiefly, if not wholly, effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with which a factious spirit has tainted our public administrations. The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils, have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished; as they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious declamations. Authors: “The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, but will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States.”. He countered that it was exactly the great number of factions and diversity that would avoid tyranny. So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual animosities, that where no substantial occasion presents itself, the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and excite their most violent conflicts. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency. Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression. To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed. Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended. He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on any plan which, without violating the principles to which he is attached, provides a proper cure for it. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, the essays originally appeared anonymously in New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788 under the pen name "Publius." It is essential to the protection of the community against foreign attacksto the steady administration of the laws, to the protection of propertyto ju… This guide compiles Library of Congress digital materials, external websites, and a print bibliography. 51 and its Relevancy Within the Sphere of Modern Political Thought; Lock, Hobbes, and the Federalist Papers Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect equality in their political rights, they would, at the same time, be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their passions. #620 Arlington, VA 22201, New! Ken Drexler, Reference Specialist, Researcher and Reference Services Division, Robert Brammer, Legal Information Specialist, Law Library of Congress, Editor: As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves. In an equal degree does the increased variety of parties comprised within the Union, increase this security. By what means is this object attainable? Does it consist in the greater security afforded by a greater variety of parties, against the event of any one party being able to outnumber and oppress the rest? However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no foundation, the evidence, of known facts will not permit us to deny that they are in some degree true. This web-friendly presentation of the original text of the Federalist Papers (also known as. Any irregularities with regard to grammar, syntax, spelling, or punctuation are as they exist in the original e-text archives. Further, he argued that the large size of the country would actually make it more difficult for factions to gain control over others. The Federalist Papers were a series of eighty-five essays urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution. One printed edition of the text is The Federalist, edited by Jacob E. Cooke (Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1961). Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of Happiness Digital Textbook. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets. Critics of the Constitution argued that the proposed federal government was too large and would be unresponsive to the people. He asserts, energy in the executive is the leading character in the definition of good government. Federalist Papers: Primary Documents in American History. The Federalist, commonly referred to as the Federalist Papers, is a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788. Need assistance? In response, Madison explored majority rule v. minority rights in this essay. Written by James Madison, this essay defended the form of republican government proposed by the Constitution. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. On the other hand, the effect may be inverted. Written by James Madison, this essay defended the form of republican government proposed by the Constitution. The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, but will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States. Along with the Federalist Papers, the Anti-Federalist papers documented the political context in which the Constitution was born. No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. An edition published by printer Jacob Gideon in 1818, with revisions and corrections by Madison, was the first to identify each essay by its author's name. They are not found to be such on the injustice and violence of individuals, and lose their efficacy in proportion to the number combined together, that is, in proportion as their efficacy becomes needful. The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pen name "Publius." A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of practice; an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for their common good. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Is a law proposed concerning private debts? The Federalist Papers are considered one of the most important sources for interpreting and understanding the original intent of the Constitution. Nor, in many cases, can such an adjustment be made at all without taking into view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely prevail over the immediate interest which one party may find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of the whole.

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