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Emperor Diocletian ruled the Roman Empire from 284 to 305 CE. In the 7th century BCE, the city of Byzantium was built on the European side of the Strait of Bosporus in what is now modern Turkey. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. [94][95][96] The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. So, all trade between North Africa, Asia and Europe, had to pass through the capital (Constantinople), causing the Byzantine Empire to become very wealthy due to taxes they charged between the trading. This led to its development as not only an imperial capital city, but as one of the richest and greatest cities in history. [9] The city was the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of thorns and the True Cross. It went through a number of political and military upheavals, becoming the capital of the Ottoman Empire and, later, the capital of modern Turkey (under the new name Istanbul). [68], For the next half-century, Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire. Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. [75] The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. One of the big advantages of the Byzantine Empire, was that its capital, Constantinople. The city was built intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the 'seven hills' of Rome. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. What does Procopius most dislike about Empress Theodora? 156–161. The Justinianic Church of the Holy Apostles was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. The Venetians [...] seized treasures and carried them off to adorn [...] their town. During the Byzantine Empire era. [19][20] The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. probably disliked that Empress Theodora was narcissist. In 1909, in Constantinople there were 626 primary schools and 12 secondary schools. Governor issues overnight stay-at-home advisory, How Georgia’s blue drift changes politics nationwide, Visiting campaign HQ, Trump says ‘losing is never easy’, Stern commends Swift for taking a political stance, Jerry Jones: DiNucci's 1st NFL start was 'a lot for him', Trump signals he won't try to declare victory prematurely, Woman inspires community to head to polls on horseback, The Obama-Biden economy outperformed Trump's, NFL being bashed despite tightening COVID-19 policy, First results are in from tiny New Hampshire town, LeBron James endorses Biden after Trump attack. [16][17] The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists, Byzas. The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor, who was later reported to have exclaimed, "O Solomon, I have outdone thee! The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion.[18]. In the second siege, the second ruler of Bulgaria, Khan Tervel, rendered decisive help. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. [85] Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city, with Christans and Jews relegated to second class citizens and required to pay jizya; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. Besides its economic advantages, having the capital in the east was a major plus because the east was where all the good fighting was going on. Accessible via land routes to Turkestan, India, Antioch, the Silk Road, and Alexandria. [32] It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed "a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia". Constantine chose the city of Byzantium for his Nova Roma. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire began to lose territories and the city began to lose population. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens. [51], In 860, an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kyiv by Askold and Dir, two Varangian chiefs: Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince's Islands. The Theodosian Walls consisted of a double wall lying about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Constantinople remained a major political and cultural center during the reign of Justinian, becoming the first great Christian city.     where two pups drink of the gray sea, Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years.

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