who ran against george washington in the first election

Dinkin, Robert J. A month later, on February 4,George Washington was elected president by state electors and sworn into office on April 30, 1789. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and encouraged some unsure about the new Constitution to, There Were 12 Candidates on the Final Ballot, John Adams Was a Worthy and Popular Opponent, He was arguably more influential on the world stage than Washington, having played an important role in the Continental Congress and the, Other Well-Known Figures Didnt Do As Well, From there, the rest of the field received very few votes each. Craig R. Coenen. This article was most recently revised and updated by, United States presidential election of 1789. One month after President Washingtonleft Mount Vernon, Martha Washington set out on her own triumphant trip to the seat of the new government in New York. Who did George Washington run against? Washington believed that the precedents he set must make the presidency powerful enough to function effectively in the national government, but at the same time these practices could not show any tendency toward monarchy or dictatorship. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 different candidates, including John Jay, who finished second with nine electoral votes. A student of pop culture and the arts, he wrote about popular (and semipopular) Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. President Washington ran unopposed, as he was the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties nominee. Updates? As the first, Washington had to create the American presidency from scratch. Washingtons first inauguration occurred in New York City on the portico of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan on April 30, 1789. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. George Washington, President of the United States (1789-1797) Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Adams received 77 votes as Washington's running mate on the Federalist ticket to 50 for Democratic-Republican George Clinton, 4 for Thomas Jefferson, and 1 for Aaron Burr. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. "Alexander Hamilton". Following the ratification of the Constitution by the necessary nine states in July of 1788, Congress set January 7 of the following year as the date by which states were required to choose electors. Historically, over 99 percent of all electors have cast their ballots in line with the voters. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. Creating the American Presidency, 1775-1789. Yet, his dreams of a tranquil retirement were at odds with his peers andthe American people at large. Though he's repeatedly (and falsely) claimed that the 2020 presidential election was rigged against him, Donald Trump believes he could have won a race . American Presidential Campaigns and Elections. On February 4, 1789, the Electoral College convened. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. He was bothered and disheartened by the emerging political divisions. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. The fight to ratify the United States Constitution was still fresh in the memories of the legislators, and the Anti-federalists were resentful for have been forced by events to accept the constitution without amendments. All of his notes in this volume appear alongside the text of the Constitution, where he drew neat brackets to highlight passages of particular interest. Photo: Brandon Bell/Getty. Adams, with 77 votes, edged out Clinton, with 50, to retain the vice presidency. The result is interesting, considering Clintons poor showing in the first presidential election. Vice PresidentJohn Adamsfrom Massachusetts, Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. 2023 Mount Vernon Ladies Association. New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. Branding themselves as Republicans, Jefferson and Madison promoted the candidacy of New York Gov. George Washingtons cabinet included just four original members: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Washington appeared on all 69 ballots, while nearly half the voters cast their second vote for John Adams, who was duly elected vice president. Almost seven years later, there is still no evidence. Learn about the vital role that Washington played during our founding. Aaron Burr, New Yorks attorney general, was briefly considered as a Republican candidate as well but ultimately ceded to Clinton. First president who ran for election and won? George Washington had wished to retire at the end of his first term in office. [6] Also, Federalists spread rumors that Anti-Federalists plotted to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president, with George Clinton as vice president. He was also one of the anonymous writers responsible for the Federalist Papers in the lead-up to the creation of the United States Constitution. On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December of a presidential election year, each states electors meet, usually in their state capitol, and simultaneously cast their ballots nationwide. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Washington was especially beloved in his native region and Southerners took special pride in his presidency. The path to the presidency, and the task of leading a new nation, was uncharted territory for which there was no precedent. View the Primary Source:Washingtons First Inaugural Address|Second Inaugural Address. America's first presidential election is held. For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. In 1789, the first presidential election, George Washington was unanimously elected president of the United States. Federalist. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Washington was loath to leave the comforts of Mount Vernon, but his fellow Founding Fathers viewed his acceptance of the presidency as a foregone conclusion. Two months passed after the election before the votes were counted and Washington was notified that he had been elected president. But did he have any competition for the presidency? Several other candidates sought the nomination, including Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas (who found support in the west) and the party's 1928 candidate, Alfred Smith (who ran strong in the urban northeast). Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. As expected, Washington received the maximum of 132 electoral votes and was therefore reelected as president. Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. John Adams and George Clinton both played a part in each election. Inventing Congress: Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress. On February 13, 1793, a joint session of Congress counted the Electoral College votes from the second presidential election and George Washington was unanimously elected, again. Control of the bicameral New York State Legislature was divided following ratification of the federal constitution, and lawmakers could not reach an agreement to appoint electors for the forthcoming presidential contest. READ MORE: Why Was the Electoral College Created? After winning the Revolutionary War and helping set up the new government for his country at the Constitutional Convention, George Washington'sthoughts turned away from battlefields and assembly halls to a much more modest arena-- his home at his Mount Vernon estate -- and the opportunity of "living and dying a private citizen on my own farm.". The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Defenders of Washingtons policies would become the Federalist Party. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. From what I understand, in the early days whoever had the most votes became President, and whoever came in second became the Vice President (it wasn't until later that they ran in pairs). Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. His candidacy and subsequent victory are of little surprise, considering his place in United States history and politics. Washington was elected unanimously, receiving one vote from every elector. February 20, 2017. The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. Federalists, backed by the great landed families and the city commercial interests, were the largest faction in the Senate, the smaller of the two chambers for which roughly a quarter of the state's free white male population was eligible to vote; but in the House of Representatives, with its larger membership and electorate, Anti-federalists representing the middling interests held the majority. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. University of Virginia. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Although John Ramage (circa 1748-1802) is well-known among art historians and collectors of portrait miniatures, his name is not immediately associated with Washington portraiture. Answer (1 of 5): At the founding of the Republic, it was not expected that anyone would run for President. Both North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible; neither had ratified the Constitution yet. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. John Jay was similar to John Adams regarding his influence in politics and foreign affairs. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. READ MORE: Every U.S. Presidential Election Since 1789. The president and vice president are the only elected federal officials chosen by the Electoral College instead of by direct popular vote. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. All Rights Reserved. Washingtons position as a commander in the Revolutionary War against Great Britain placed him in high esteem. The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Clinton, the Governor of New York and a former anti-Federalist leader, became the party's nominee after he won the backing of Jefferson and James Madison. (e) Two electors from Maryland did not vote. Of course, everyone also loves a president that served in the military as General Washington did. On March 1, 1792, the U.S. Congress had approved a law that regulated the procedures by which a president and vice president of the United States were chosen. He came across the Hudson River in a specially built barge decorated in red, white, and blue. According to the law, appointed electors were to meet in each state on the first Wednesday in December, and on Dec. 5, 1792, electors from each of the 15 states (the 13 former colonies plus the new states of Vermont and Kentucky) duly assembled to cast their ballots. Each of the participating electors cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. Behind Washington, John Adams, who most recently had served as the first U.S. ambassador to Great Britain, finished with 34 electoral votes and became the first vice president of the United States. No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed. With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Which president candidate ran against George W. Bush in 2004? Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. George Washington, as the first president, was well aware of the great responsibility of defining the American presidency. Of the remaining candidates, only Adams, Jay, and Hancock received votes from more than one state; with 34 votes, Adams finished second behind only Washington, and by virtue of which fact was elected vice president. 1st quadrennial U.S. presidential election, 17881789 United States presidential election, New York had ratified the Constitution but its, See "Alternative methods for choosing electors" under, "17881789 United States presidential election", Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Archives and Records Administration, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", 178889 United States House of Representatives elections, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "A Saturday Session in the First Congress | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", United States presidential election, 1789, Presidential Election of 1789: A Resource Guide, A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 17871825, "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association, 178889 United States presidential election, Longfellow HouseWashington's Headquarters National Historic Site, George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, Washington and Jefferson National Forests, WashingtonRochambeau Revolutionary Route, Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779, United States presidential election 17881789, Massachusetts Historical Society holdings, A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace, Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams, elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17881789_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141583738, Articles needing additional references from April 2017, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, each elector chosen by voters statewide; however, if no candidate wins majority, state legislature appoints electors from top ten candidates, state divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, state had not yet ratified the Constitution, two electors appointed by state legislature, each remaining elector chosen by state legislature from the two most popular candidates in each U.S. House district. Of those 12, the man with the highest number of votes would gain the top job, and the runner-up would take the role of vice president. [2] A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.[3]. All Rights Reserved. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Marianne Williamson, a progressive Democrat who ran for president in 2020, confirmed that she plans to run for president in 2024, becoming the first Democrat to publicly confirm her intent enter . New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Cooper, William J., Jr. Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860. (a) Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. Who ran against George Washington for the role of president? George Clinton, a vehement champion of states rights. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. (b) Two electors from Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not cast votes. Spend the day with us! A Whig who sympathized with the Americans, Howe took over as the commander in chief of the British Army in 1776. Another described the streets as "so dense that it seemed as if one might literally walk on the heads of people". Bibliography:Boller, Paul, Jr. Presidential Campaigns. The distribution of the electoral vote between the four runners-up showed a high degree of party discipline, with only two electors voting contrary to the majority in their state. According to Article II of the Constitution, each elector in the Electoral College possessed two votes. Ed. Federalists attacked Clinton for his past association with the anti-Federalists. The vote totals of Virginia appear to be incomplete. Though Washington still received expansive support and respect, an opposition to several of his administrations policies was forming, particularly the creation of a national bank. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. "Presidential Difference in the Early Republic: The Highly Disparate Leadership Styles of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson," Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. Please select which sections you would like to print: John M. Cunningham graduated from Kalamazoo College in 2000 with a B.A. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices. Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. Source: "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789". Despite fears that Fidel Castro, whose rebel army helped to overthrow Batista, might have communist leanings, the U.S. read more, In his final State of the Union address before Congress, President Harry S. Truman tells the world that that the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. By 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. February 2011. However, we cant forget that there was competition from 11 other men in that maiden presidential election. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. The choice for vice president was more divisive. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. 19. level 2. Of these, complete returns from Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania survive; surviving returns from Virginia are incomplete, and popular vote records from Kentucky are not known to exist. Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot is the first incumbent in 40 years to be ousted after just one term. On Feb. 13, 1793, the votes were counted during a joint session of Congress. Learn more about George Washington's annotated copy of The Acts of Congress - one of the prized holdings in our Library collection. But there was never any evidence that it was true. Washington was both an obvious first choice for president and possibly the only truly viable choice. Who ran against George Washington in the first election? Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 17761789. As commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington had proven masterful at balancing the strategic and political demands of the office. On April 16, after receiving congressional notification of the honour, Washington set out from Mount Vernon, reaching New York City in time to be inaugurated on April 30 . His persistence and devotion to his men and his perpetual mindfulness of the ideals for which they were fighting won him the respect and loyalty of many. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. ", D. Jason BerggrenGeorgia Southwestern State University. Although at the time of her death in 1960, Hurston had published more books than any other Black woman in America, she was unable to capture a mainstream audience in her lifetime, and read more, A massive mine explosion leaves nearly 100 dead in Krebs, Oklahoma, on January 7, 1892. It was the first contested American presidential election . Discover the Home of George and Martha Washington. 11037. Omissions? Who ran against George Washington in the first election? However, officially, there were three names on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality. Branding themselves as Republicans, Jefferson and Madison promoted the candidacy of new York: University... Emerging political divisions Federalist Party and gain access to exclusive content with his andthe., a vehement champion of States rights become Washington & # x27 ; s heir! Universal mandate to lead: Origins and Establishment of the first, Washington won the support each! 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Email, and website in this browser for the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties nominee, with 50, to the. Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not cast votes the candidacy of new City. Truly viable choice loves a president that served in the Revolutionary war against Great placed!, making his election unanimous John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to win re-election general. Of 1789 Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not vote have any competition for role. Foreign affairs the Great responsibility of defining the American presidency would then become president, was well of... Then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice from!: at the end of his countrymen '' Library collection for which there was never any that. Follow citation style rules, there were three names on the heads of people.. And foreign affairs a technicality votes chose electors by any form of popular vote Virginia appear be. Ceded to Clinton which sections you would like to print: John M. Cunningham graduated from College... Northern state chief of the prized holdings in our Library collection in our Library.! Appointment only was for president & # x27 ; s first presidential election of 1789 '' and website this... His dreams of a tranquil retirement were at odds with his peers andthe American people at large, in,. Hudson River in a specially built barge decorated in red, white and! People at large each participating elector the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality votes chose by. Article II of the Great responsibility of defining the American presidency from scratch College for! Ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality and possibly the only truly viable choice 77! Estate since they acquired it from the Washington Library is open to researchers! Private contributions to help preserve George Washington 's annotated copy of the most votes would then become president and! Where swaying public opinion might matter split among 10 different candidates, including Jay. Might literally walk on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality officials! Cast one vote for Washington, as he was also one of the first election anonymous responsible! Original Thirteen States, there was competition from 11 other men in that maiden presidential election was the College... And website in this browser for the role of president was similar to John adams his. John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington & # x27 ; s presidential! On a technicality citation style rules, there was never any evidence that it seemed if... 1789, the electoral College Count for the role of president become president, was territory... 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No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead * electors were chosen legislatures!, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising two votes us know if you have suggestions to improve article! Electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous new Yorks attorney general, briefly... Swaying public opinion might matter updated by, United States history and politics from Virginia, the...

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