venezuela crime rate by year

In 1990, 31,861 violent crimes, 184,126 property crimes, and 6,405 drug crimes were reported. The facility had been overcrowded by more than three times its designed capacity.[147]. LockA locked padlock [32][33], The OVV puts the homicide rate for 2013 at approximately 79 per 100,000[27] and the murder rate in the capital Caracas at 122 per 100,000 residents. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. The short answer is yes, Venezuela is safe to visit. Much of Caracas crime and violence can be attributed to mobile street gangs and organized crime groups. [40], Director James Brabazon stated that "kidnapping crimes had skyrocketed after late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez freed thousands of violent prisoners as part of controversial criminal justice system reforms" while also increasing due to Colombian organized crime as well. [49] News.com.au called Venezuela capital "the kidnap capital of the world" in 2013, noting that Venezuela had the highest kidnapping rate in the world and that 5 people were kidnapped for a ransom every day. [142], In Venezuelan prisons, inmates partake in gladiatorial matches to settle disputes. But the Venezuela Violence Observatory, a respected nonprofit group, estimates that murders dropped from 89 per 100,000 people in 2017 to 81.4 last year. This unindustrialized nation is steeped in natural beauty and just waiting to be discovered, but this doesn't mean you can go wandering alone in the Amazon. Homicide rate in Venezuela from 2014 to 2022 (in number of homicides per 100,000 inhabitants) [Graph]. Maracaibo has a crime index of 83.25 and a safety index of 16.75, which is still lower than Caracas and many other big cities - but it might be a bit higher than you're willing to face. [100], According to some sources, Venezuela's corruption includes widespread corruption in the police force. * The figure refers to the violent death rate, which includes violent deaths in which the cause of death is unknown, as well as deadly confrontations involving security forces. [18] The Bolivarian Revolution attempted to "destroy what previously existed, the status quo of society" with instability increasing. 08-01-2021 14:08:00 ZULU. [120], Venezuela's judicial system has been ranked the third most corrupt in the world by Transparency International[129] and according to the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index 2021, Venezuela had the worst rule of law in the world; having the second worst civil justice system in the world and the worst criminal justice system in the world. [5] This introduced to the Venezuelan population the notion of not following the societal rules and using violence to achieve goals, such as widespread looting during the Caracazo or by attempting to commit undemocratic coups such as in 1992. [94] Some colectivos patrol the 23 de Enero barrio on motorcycles, masked and armed, supposedly to protect the neighborhood from criminals such as drug dealers. Ministra asegura que el sistema penitenciario venezolano es el mejor del mundo", "23 Inmates Killed in Venezuelan Prison Uprising, Says Rights Group", "Venezuela prison riot leaves more than 40 dead", "In Venezuela's prisons, inmates are the wardens", "The Modern History of Venezuela, Why Still So Much Crime? Maria recalls a shift in the nature of the crimes as desperation fueled robberies with the threat of violence. Venezuela was once the wealthiest country in South America, but in recent years millions have fled the country amid mass starvation and violence after socialist policies were enacted and . According to a study by the opposition-controlled National Assembly, the annual inflation rate reached 1,300,000% in the 12 months to November 2018. During the tenure of Minister of Prison Services Iris Varela, pranes were given control of prisons with the belief that they would maintain leadership and lower violence. [1][2][3][4] Over the last several years, Venezuela has become a pivotal player in the international drug trafficking game. Due to the Venezuelan government not complying to the standards of stopping human trafficking, the State Department placed Venezuelan on its "black list" as a Tier 3 country, which opened the possibility of Venezuela facing sanctions. Police officers : Number of police officers per 100,000 population. Please do not hesitate to contact me. [80] In 2006, they received arms and funding from the state when they were brought under the government's community councils. Many Venezuelans abroad . [57], Independent analyses of the documents by a number of U.S. academics and journalists have challenged the Colombian interpretation of the documents, accusing the Colombian government of exaggerating their contents. Backlinks from other websites and blogs are the lifeblood of our site and are our primary source of new traffic. Home invasions have occurred in buildings where U.S. Embassy employees reside. Edgardo Lander on Reality Asserts Itself (7/9)", "IACHR Reiterates Need to Prevent Acts of Violence in Venezuelan Prison", "Ria colectiva de Uribana cobra dos vidas y deja 128 heridos", "Coliseo en Uribana sigue y llega a 128 heridos", "Venezuela prison riot kills at least 40, including warden", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Venezuela&oldid=1127469872, This page was last edited on 14 December 2022, at 22:16. The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country. [78] In 2013, the government negotiated with large criminal gangs on how to prevent violence and agreed to avoid policing gang territory in what were known as "peace zones", reinforcing criminal behaviors and making gang practices de facto law. . [102][103] A 2013 Gallup study showed that only 26% of Venezuelans have faith in their local police. [45] Both the rich and poor are victims of kidnapping and criminals even fear being kidnapped by more powerful gangs. . ", "Armed civilian bands in Venezuela prop up unpopular president", "Political Divisions Fuel Venezuela's Most Violent Year", "US pulls all staff from Venezuela as Maduro blames blackout on 'demonic' Trump plot", "Venezuela: Maduro calls on armed groups to keep order amid electricity rationing", "Venezuela's Maduro announces power rationing amid outages", "The World Is Getting More Corrupt, and These Are the 5 Worst Offenders", "Pro-Government Motorcycle Militias Terrorize Venezuela", "Venezuela: Police corruption blamed for kidnapping epidemic", "How videos of supermarket raids show what life is like in Venezuela", "Venezuelan city under effective curfew after mass looting", "Venezuelan soap star Monica Spear, ex-husband murdered", "German tourist, 76, shot dead on Venezuelan island", "La reforma policial en Venezuela, tarea inconclusa del chavismo", "Crmenes brutales en Venezuela: Ejecuciones extrajudiciales dejan ms de ocho mil muertos", "Hoy comienza el Plan Patria Segura: "La Fanb sale a la calle a proteger el pueblo" (+video)", "Colectivos le dicen NO al plan de desarme del gobierno bolivariano", "Former Miss Venezuela Murdered In Roadside Attack", "Diciembre fue el mes ms violento del 2014, 500 muertos solo en Caracas", "Denuncian aumento de homicidios en Zulia durante 2014", "Presin de colectivos incidi en salida de Rodrguez Torres", "Relanzado Plan Patria Segura este sbado en todo el territorio nacional (+Fotos)", "Caracas: Cabo Vadillo Temporada 1; Programa 2", "Corruption by Country / Territory: Venezuela", "La situacin de las crceles venezolanas es una tragedia, dice la ONU", "Violence eases at overcrowded Venezuelan jail", "OVP: Venezuela minti en Examen Peridico Universal de Derechos Humanos", http://prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america, "De verdad, Iris Varela? [84] The Civil Association for Citizen Control said that more than half of those killed during the protests were killed by colectivos. There is no evidence to indicate criminals and gang-related activities specifically target U.S. citizens. For Crime Statistics, please contact Lance Eber at (209) 385-4701. These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years. Venezuela (83.76) Papua New Guinea (80.79) South Africa (76.86) Afghanistan (76.31) Honduras (74.54) Trinidad and . Millions of people have been pushed into poverty as a result of the country's years-long crisis. #ga-ad {display: none;} The violent crime of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter increased 0.3 percent in 2019 when compared with the 2018 . The criminal threat level is considered critical for the capital city of Caracas and all of Venezuela. [88] An Organization of American States report on human rights violations in Venezuela stated that colectivos murdered at least 131 individuals between 2014 and 2017 during the anti-government protests. The 2010 ranking placed Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries. [48] In 2013, consulting firm Control Risk ranked Venezuela 5th in the world for kidnappings, only behind Mexico, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Is Venezuela poor? [95] As blackouts continued, on 31 March, citizens protested the lack of electricity and water in Caracas and other cities; Maduro called again on the colectivos, asking them "to defend the peace of every barrio, of every block". [81] Some weapons given to the groups include assault rifles, submachine guns and grenades. Professor Neelie Perez from the University of Caracas explained how it is difficult for the government to control prisons without resorting to violence, therefore recognizing and legitimizing high ranking prisoners as heads of prisons. Congresswoman Delsa Solorzano -- also the vice president of opposition party Un . In an interview with Prison Minister Iris Varela, the minister explained how all prisons were under her control and that there was no anarchy. The prosecutorial and judicial process is concerned with rights of the accused and procedures for bringing suspects to trial. In many cases, Colombian terrorists or local guerillas are believed to be the perpetrators. Venezuela has extradition treaties with most Latin American countries. [56] According to Interpol, the files found by Colombian forces were considered to be authentic. In 1990, 31,861 violent crimes, 184,126 property crimes, and 6,405 drug crimes were reported. UNICEF reported that 6.9 million students in Venezuela missed almost all classroom instruction between March 2020 and February 2021. Violence and insecurity have plagued Venezuela for years, so much so that the government stopped publishing crime statistics in 2005 in an effort to stem criticism from the opposition. [55], In 2007, authorities in Colombia claimed that through laptops they had seized on a raid against Raul Reyes, they found documents purporting to show that Hugo Chvez offered payments of as much as $300 million USD to the FARC. The article also explains the problem of police involvement with kidnappings, with the Venezuelan government admitting that 20% of crimes involve authorities and criminologist Mrmol Garca stating that 90% of kidnappings go unreported in Venezuela. 18 December 2020. The police force is organized according to a quasi-military hierarchy and includes urban police agencies, the National Guard, state police, and municipal and provincial police forces. 4 January. Lots of frustration, little hope. In 2009, there were record levels of murders (nearly 1,500), robberies (3,000), and kidnappings (99) reported to the Police in Miranda. The staggering crime figures released by the Venezuelan government do not do justice to the actual number of murders committed in the country, because the government's figures do not include "deaths of unknown cause" nor "deaths from resisting authority." Food Shortages are Common. South Africa - 36.40. [58][59] According to Greg Palast, the claim about Chavez's $300 million is based on the following (translated) sentence: "With relation to the 300, which from now on we will call 'dossier', efforts are now going forward at the instructions of the cojo [slang term for 'cripple'], which I will explain in a separate note." But even as crime climbs, the number of police battling criminals is falling. Rates of crime rapidly began to increase during the presidency of Hugo Chvez due to the institutional instability of his Bolivarian government, underfunding of police resources, and severe inequality. The report stated that 33% of kidnappings occurred in the capital city of Caracas and that hundreds of kidnappings happen every year. At about 50 per 100,000 Washington, DC may have the highest murder rate in the developed world. Since 2017, when it peaked . Therefore, it is common practice in Caracas to never resist an attempted robbery. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/984669/homicide-rate-venezuela/, Homicide rate in Venezuela from 2014 to 2022, (in number of homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), Latin America & Caribbean: homicide rates 2021, by city, Latin America & Caribbean: homicides number 2021, by city, Latin America & Caribbean: number of homicide victims 2020, Brazil: number of homicides 2007-2019, by region, Brazil: number of homicides 2019, by state, Number of homicides in Colombia 2021, by region, Colombia: share of homicides 2020, by area, Number of homicides involving a knife in England and Wales 2008-2022, Homicides by method of killing in England and Wales 2022, Number of homicide cases in Scotland 2019/20, by main motive for killing, Homicide crimes in Romania 2005-2015, by type of weapon used, Venezuela: number of homicides 2020, by selected city, Brazil: homicides number 2021, by selected city, Perceived and actual main causes of violent death in India 2018, U.S.: number of violent victimizations, by victimoffender relationship 2003-2012, Canada: number of violent crimes 2021, by type, Number of violent crime victims in the U.S. in 2019, by age group and crime, Child victims of family-related homicides in Canada in 2016, by cause of death, Homicide rate in Venezuela from 2014 to 2022 (in number of homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. [92] According to the International Crisis Group, colectivos may be involved in drug trafficking, arms dealing, and car theft. [48], On 13 May 2013, President Nicolas Maduro initiated Plan Patria Segura saying "we have decided to fight to build a secure homeland". Kidnapping is a particularly serious problem, with more than 1,000 reported during 2005 alone. Official websites use .gov Violent crime is rife in both the capital Caracas and the interior, and as a foreigner you are a prime target. Three in every four Venezuelans live in extreme poverty , a study has said, as a years-long severe economic crisis in the oil-rich nation continues.According to the report, the National Survey of Living Conditions (Encovi . There is a high threat from violent crime and kidnapping throughout Venezuela, which has one of the highest murder rates in the world. Levels of gratuitous violence are on the increase and the majority of criminals use lethal weapons in the course of carrying out their activities. "The perception of petroleum as the cause of Venezuela's corruption had become widespread during this period." We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. [41][46][47] According to the leaked INE report, only 1,332 investigations for kidnappings were opened or about 7% of the total kidnapping cases, with 90% of the kidnappings happening away from rural areas, 80% of all being express kidnappings and the most common victim being lower-middle or middle class Venezuelans and middle-aged men. San Pedro Sula, in the northwest of the country, is at the center of much of this small Central American country's violence. Armed robbery, mugging, carjacking, and burglary are . [30] According to the Venezuelan non-governmental organization PROVEA, unlike other NGOs, the Venezuelan government excludes homicide data that includes fighting or police related deaths in its murder rate statistics. Fauna crime is spurred by demand from the US, China and Europe. The practical effect of the penal code reform was to make police officers more hesitant to make arrests. In one incident involving a crashed truck, hundreds of men, women and children looted the vehicle. Those injured had to be assisted by a church in the area. [132], Carlos Nieto, head of Window to Freedom, alleges that heads of gangs acquire military weapons from the state saying, They have the types of weapons that can only be obtained by the country's armed forces. In 2015, Caracas, Venezuela, had a homicide rate of 75 per 100,000 inhabitants, which made it one of the most violent cities in the world that year. According to the VVO, a rate of 122 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in . The incidents of kidnappings in Caracas doubled in 2009 from previous years. Caracas continues to be notorious for the brazenness of certain high profile, violent crimes such as murder, robberies and kidnappings. Venezuela has 1.5 police officers per 1,000 residents, while U.S. cities average 3.8 per 1,000. [23] According to The New Yorker magazine Venezuela had "by various measures, the world's highest violent-crime rate" in 2017, and almost none of crimes that are reported are prosecuted. In the mid-1970s Lesotho witnessed a murder rate of 141 per 100,000, while more recently Columbia's murder rate was variously estimate at between 63 and 84 per 100,000. The methods of accomplishing these tasks were through surveillance, checking documents, verification checkpoints and to help guide communities. [26], Venezuela is currently among the countries with the highest murder rates in the world. [119] The plan, created by Miguel Rodrguez Torres,[120] included the placement of 37,000 authorities throughout the country. Venezuela's out of control violent crime. Published by Teresa Romero , Apr 21, 2022. The BBC seriously repeats the Venezuelan government's claim that the ban is [105], Crime rates are higher in 'barrios' or 'ranchos' (slum areas)[106] and after dark. With 16,000 homicides last year, Venezuela became the world's second deadliest country. Victims do not have a role in sentencing unless they initiate the prosecution. Crime in Venezuela. One prisoner explained how, If the guards mess with us, we shoot them and that he had "seen a man have his head cut off and people play football with it.[139], In a Journeyman Pictures documentary titled Venezuela - Party Prison, a reporter visits San Antonio Prison on Margarita Island. The poverty rate in Venezuela is 82 percent, and the unemployment rate is 18 percent. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. [91] As colectivos attempted to gain independence from the government, they began "controlling organized crime like drug trafficking in Caracas barrios". [28][31] PROVEA figures provided in the UN's 2014 Global Homicide Book put Venezuela's homicide rate at 53.7 murders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2012, closer to the Venezuelan government's 2012 estimate,[29] but still the second highest peacetime murder rate in the world after Honduras (estimated at 90.4). [citation needed] The United States State Department and the Government of Canada have warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to armed robbery, kidnapping and murder. [5] The Bolivarian government then believed that violence and crime were due to poverty and inequality, though while the government boasted about reducing both poverty and inequality, the murder rate continued to increase in Venezuela. Nigeria - 34.52. Challenging infrastructure problems and prolific corruption within law enforcement and the judicial system, continue to be important factors with regard to crime response and prevention. Monthly Reports. [50], There is no reliable data on kidnapping in Venezuela and available data is considered an underestimate. Palast suggests that the "300" is supposedly a reference to "300 prisoners" (the number involved in a FARC prisoner exchange) and not "300 million", as Raul Reyes was one of the Farc's main negotiators for prisoner exchanges. In August the attorney general's office reported that of the more than 6 thousand police officers implicated in killings during the last 5 years, only 88 were convicted. Over 90 percent of homicides in Venezuela go unpunished. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information Sentences frequently were light, and convictions often were overturned on appeal. Victims do not have a role in sentencing unless they initiate the prosecution. Please check your download folder. . Areas of Caracas suffer from extreme poverty which provides gangs and criminal elements with an environment that is conducive to crime. Crimes vary widely between states and countries, with crime rates much higher than in the USA's largest . [5] In the 1960s following the restoration of democracy, insecurity rose when FALN leftist guerrillas participated in violent confrontations with the government, though such clashes subsided due to lack of public support for the guerrilla movement. [5] The rise of murders in Venezuela following the Chvez presidency has also been attributed by experts to the corruption of Venezuelan authorities, poor gun control and a poor judiciary system. [15] The murder rate declined even further to 60.3 in 2019. marked by a further increase in the number and rate of violent deaths" showing that in four years, the murder rate had increased from 25 per 100,000 in 1999 to 44 per 100,000 in 2003. . [37] The government says there were 60 daily homicides in 2016, and 45 daily in 2015,[38] corresponding with Venezuela's downward economic spiral, according to NBC News; the OVV says the numbers are higher. [13][14], In spite of significant socioeconomic problems, the murder rate in Venezuela decreased between 2017 and 2020. [126], In 2013, it was reported that Venezuela was one of the most weaponized areas in the world, with one firearm per two citizens. Because groups that specialize in these types of crimes operate with impunity or fear of incarceration, more entrepreneurial criminals hit the streets. Colectivos are thought to be partially responsible for the increase in the Venezuelan murder rate, according to the Metropolitan Observatory on Citizen Security. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Many unaffiliated criminals are also increasingly involved in kidnappings, either dealing with victim's families directly or selling the victim to terrorist groups. [36] According to the World Bank, the 2016 homicide rate was 56 per 100,000, making Venezuela third in the world, after El Salvador and Honduras. [133] According to the Venezuelan Observatory of Prisons (OVP), from 1999 to 2015, there were 22,998 violent incidents, with 16,417 injured and 6,581 inmates killed. Let's get into it. [132], Venezuelan rights groups report that the 34 prisons in Venezuela hold 50,000 people but are only supposed to hold about one-third of that. (year, prison population total, prison population rate) Year . A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [116] In 2009, the Venezuelan government created a security force called the Bolivarian National Police as well as a new Experimental Security University. [5] In 1994, when Rafael Caldera became president, he attempted to strengthen Venezuela's "institution", staying in the center of political issues, performing both conservative and reformative actions that resulted in the increase of the murder rate stopping; though his popularity and the public's trust in the political system decreased.[5]. ", "Venezuela election is a high stakes affair for local vigilante groups", "Colectivos de paz accionan armas de fuego en la Rmulo Gallegos ante mirada de la GNB", "Colectivos estaran involucrados e12 homicidios 25/03/14Caracas", "Venezuela violence puts focus on militant 'colectivo' groups", "Nights of terror: Attacks and illegal raids on homes in Venezuela", "OAS says to present evidence of Venezuela rights violations to The Hague", "Colectivos en Venezuela: Organizaciones sociales o criminales? Reports of armed robberies continue to occur regularly, day or night, in the affluent Caracas residential sections of Chacao, Baruta and El Hatillo. [22], Venezuela is especially dangerous toward foreign travelers and investors who are visiting. The State Department also states that the "Government of Venezuela does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking" explaining that Venezuelan authorities trained government officials about trafficking, but the Venezuelan government "did not publicly document progress on prosecutions and convictions of trafficking offenders or on victim identification and assistance". [45], In leaked government INE data for kidnappings in the year 2009, the number of kidnappings were at an estimated 16,917, contrasting the CICPCs number of only 673,[43] before the Venezuelan government blocked the data. Show publisher information According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in murders per 100,000 people, the country is surpassed only by Cte d'Ivoire, El Salvador, and Honduras. From 1917, "greater awareness of the country's oil potential had the pernicious effect of increasing the corruption and intrigue amongst Gomez's family and entourage, the consequences of which would be felt up to 1935 B. S. McBeth (2002). While the police will generally respond to an emergency situation, investigative follow-up is intermittent and perpetrators of crime are rarely caught. It is estimated that Venezuela's population will reach its peak of 35.57 million by 2063. The judicial system is composed of the Supreme Court, superior courts, trial courts, and special courts. Venezuela - Crime. [109] 2014 Gallup polls showed that only 19% of Venezuelans felt safe walking alone at night, with nearly one quarter of the respondents stating that they or a household member had money stolen from them in the past year. With a population of over 2.9 million inhabitants, the number of murders per 100,000 inhabitants in the greater Caracas area was 71. Economic Indicators for Venezuela including actual values, historical data, and latest data updates for the Venezuela economy. Its 2018 report, based on input from . If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is . Homicides decreased by 2% . Many people are victimized by crime because of fear and the perceived inability of Venezuela's criminal justice system to prevent crime. The U.S. Department of State has issued a Level 4 travel advisory for Venezuela, indicating that it is unsafe to travel to the country, and travelers should not travel there. }, Page last modified: A decades-old problem in Venezuela, armed robberies, kidnappings and murders climbed during the 1999-2013 rule of . In 2015, 17,778 people were murdered in Venezuela; however, the VOV revealed that those numbers were as high as 27,875. In the year 2000, the rate was only 58 per 100,000 people. . In 2012, La Planta, a prison built in 1964 with a capacity of 350 inmates, held almost 2,500 inmates with many armed with heavy weapons. 2021 12 Monthly Part 1 Crimes; 2021 11 Monthly Part 1 Crimes; . The penal reform also included provisions for the prosecution of any police officer found to have made an arrest "without cause." [80] Despite the Venezuelan government's statements saying that only official authorities can carry weapons for the defense of Venezuela, colectivos are armed with automatic rifles such as AK-47s, submachine guns, fragmentation grenades, and tear gas. Belize - 37.79. [132], There are a total of 34 prisons in Venezuela holding about 50,000 inmates. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. And, Qatar is the country with the least crime rate with 12.29 people per 100,000. Within the embassy community, Venezuelan employees fall victim to crime far more frequently than their American employee colleagues. They explained that "Weak security, deteriorating infrastructure, overcrowding, insufficient and poorly trained guards, and corruption allow armed gangs to effectively control prisons". Police in Venezuela make arrests for only eight of every 100 murders . Sentences are determined by trial judges, and possible penalties include fines, restitution, probation, and incarceration. Statista. An overview of the Petare neighborhood of Caracas, which has one of the highest crime rates, July 29, 2015. While the government has refused to release its own statistics for years, a recent report by an NGO, the Venezuelan Observatory on Violence, estimates that 24,000 people were murdered in 2013 . in 15 years of Chvista rule, there have been 13 . [24] InSight Crime says the crisis has "all too often been obscured by the government's reluctance to release damning crime statistics". No figure for the country's homicide rate was released that year. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [54], According to Brabazon, businesses, families and friends gather money and put it aside for in the event they need it to pay kidnapping ransoms. note 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South America note 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular . A non-government organisation says Venezuela has the world's highest murder rate - many of them extrajudicial killings by police.And an elite special forces . By the end of last year, prices were doubling . @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { [62][63][64] Aponte says that, while serving as a judge, he was forced to acquit an army commander who had connections with a 2 metric ton shipment of cocaine.

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